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Atlantic cod8/15/2023 ![]() ![]() Within inversions, the rate of crossing over is reduced by several orders of magnitude, allowing genomic islands of divergence within inversions to be larger than in collinear regions. Chromosomal rearrangements in the form of inversions have been hypothesized to play a key role in maintaining polymorphism in complex traits ( Conrad and Hurles, 2007). Genomic islands of divergence ( Wu, 2001 Nosil et al., 2009) are known to emerge through divergence hitchhiking ( Via, 2012) but can also evolve through other processes that reduce recombination in genomic regions, such as inversions ( Kirkpatrick and Barton, 2006). Overall, we identify several large genomic regions-each containing hundreds of genes-likely involved in the maintenance of genomic divergence in Atlantic cod on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Our data suggest that migratory behaviour is derived from more stationary, ancestral ecotypes. ![]() The long-term persistence of these inversions indicates that they are maintained by selection, possibly facilitated by coevolution of genes underlying complex traits. The occurrence of these inversions on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean reveals a common evolutionary origin, predating the >100 000-year-old trans-Atlantic separation of Atlantic cod. Here, we show that the same genomic regions display elevated divergence and contribute to ecotype divergence in the Northwest Atlantic as well. In Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua), inversions of several megabases have been identified that dominate genomic differentiation between migratory and nonmigratory ecotypes in the Northeast Atlantic. Chromosomal rearrangements such as inversions can play a crucial role in maintaining polymorphism underlying complex traits and contribute to the process of speciation.
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